1 序文
2 調査範囲と方法論
2.1 調査の目的
2.2 ステークホルダー
2.3 データソース
2.3.1 一次情報源
2.3.2 二次情報源
2.4 市場推定
2.4.1 ボトムアップ・アプローチ
2.4.2 トップダウンアプローチ
2.5 予測方法
3 エグゼクティブ・サマリー
4 はじめに
4.1 概要
4.2 主要産業動向
5 世界のバイオ肥料産業
5.1 市場概要
5.2 市場パフォーマンス
5.2.1 数量動向
5.2.2 金額動向
5.3 COVID-19の影響
5.4 価格分析
5.4.1 主要価格指標
5.4.2 価格構造
5.4.3 価格動向
5.5 地域別市場構成
5.6 タイプ別市場構成
5.7 作物別市場構成比
5.8 微生物別市場構成比
5.9 用途別市場構成比
5.10 市場予測
5.11 SWOT分析
5.11.1 概要
5.11.2 強み
5.11.3 弱点
5.11.4 機会
5.11.5 脅威
5.12 バリューチェーン分析
5.12.1 概要
5.12.2 研究開発
5.12.3 原材料調達
5.12.4 製造
5.12.5 マーケティング
5.12.6 流通
5.12.7 最終用途
5.13 ポーターのファイブフォース分析
5.13.1 概要
5.13.2 買い手の交渉力
5.13.3 供給者の交渉力
5.13.4 競争の程度
5.13.5 新規参入の脅威
5.13.6 代替品の脅威
5.14 主要市場牽引要因と成功要因
6 主要地域の業績
6.1 アジア太平洋地域
6.1.1 市場動向
6.1.2 市場予測
6.2 北米
6.2.1 市場動向
6.2.2 市場予測
6.3 欧州
6.3.1 市場動向
6.3.2 市場予測
6.4 その他
6.4.1 市場動向
6.4.2 市場予測
7 タイプ別市場
7.1 窒素固定バイオ肥料
7.1.1 市場動向
7.1.2 市場予測
7.2 リン酸固定バイオ肥料
7.2.1 市場動向
7.2.2 市場予測
7.3 その他
7.3.1 市場動向
7.3.2 市場予測
8 作物別市場
8.1 穀物・穀類
8.1.1 市場動向
8.1.2 市場予測
8.2 豆類と油糧種子
8.2.1 市場動向
8.2.2 市場予測
8.3 果物と野菜
8.3.1 市場動向
8.3.2 市場予測
8.4 その他
8.4.1 市場動向
8.4.2 市場予測
9 微生物別市場構成
9.1 シアノバクター
9.1.1 市場動向
9.1.2 市場予測
9.2 根粒菌
9.2.1 市場動向
9.2.2 市場予測
9.3 リン酸可溶化細菌
9.3.1 市場動向
9.3.2 市場予測
9.4 アゾトバクター
9.4.1 市場動向
9.4.2 市場予測
9.5 その他
9.5.1 市場動向
9.5.2 市場予測
10 用途別市場構成
10.1 種子処理
10.1.1 市場動向
10.1.2 市場予測
10.2 土壌処理
10.2.1 市場動向
10.2.2 市場予測
10.3 その他
10.3.1 市場動向
10.3.2 市場予測
11 競争環境
11.1 市場構造
11.2 主要プレイヤー
12 バイオ肥料の製造工程
12.1 製品概要
12.2 詳細なプロセスフロー
12.3 関係する様々な種類の単位操作
12.4 マスバランスと原材料要件
13 プロジェクトの詳細、要件、および関連費用
13.1 土地要件と支出
13.2 建設要件と費用
13.3 工場レイアウト
13.4 工場機械
13.5 原材料の要件と費用
13.6 包装要件および支出
13.7 輸送要件および支出
13.8 ユーティリティ要件および支出
13.9 人員要件および支出
13.10 その他の設備投資
14 ローンと資金援助
15 プロジェクトの経済性
15.1 プロジェクトの資本コスト
15.2 技術経済パラメータ
15.3 サプライチェーンの各段階における製品価格とマージン
15.4 課税と減価償却
15.5 収入予測
15.6 支出予測
15.7 財務分析
15.8 利益分析
16 主要プレーヤーのプロフィール
16.1 Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd.
16.2 ラレマンド社
16.3 マドラス・ファーティライザーズ・リミテッド
16.4 ナショナル・ファーティライザーズ・リミテッド
16.5 ノボザイムズ A/S
16.6 Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd.
16.7 リゾバクター（バイオセレス・クロップ・ソリューションズ）
16.8 T.Stanes & Company リミテッド
図1：世界：バイオ肥料市場：主な推進要因と課題
図2：世界：バイオ肥料市場：数量推移（単位：百万トン）、2019年～2024年
図3：世界：バイオ肥料市場：金額推移（単位：億米ドル）、2019年～2024年
図4：世界：バイオ肥料市場平均価格（単位：米ドル/トン）、2019年～2024年
図5：バイオ肥料市場：価格構造
図6：世界：バイオ肥料市場：バイオ肥料の世界市場：地域別構成比（単位：%）、2024年
図7：世界：バイオ肥料市場：図7：バイオ肥料の世界市場：タイプ別構成比（%）、2024年
図8：バイオ肥料の世界市場：作物別構成比（%）、2024年図8：バイオ肥料の世界市場：作物別構成比（%）、2024年
図9：バイオ肥料の世界市場：作物別構成比（%）、2024年図9：バイオ肥料の世界市場：微生物別構成比（%）、2024年
図10：バイオ肥料の世界市場：用途別構成比（単位：%）、2024年図10：バイオ肥料の世界市場：用途別構成比（%）、2024年
図11：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測：数量推移（単位：百万トン）、2025年～2033年
図12：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測：金額推移（単位：億米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図13：世界のバイオ肥料産業：SWOT分析
図 14：世界：バイオ肥料産業：バリューチェーン分析
図15：世界：バイオ肥料産業：ポーターのファイブフォース分析
図16：アジア太平洋地域：バイオ肥料市場（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年および2024年
図17：アジア太平洋地域：バイオ肥料市場予測（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図18：北米：バイオ肥料市場（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図19：北米：バイオ肥料の市場予測（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図20：ヨーロッパ：バイオ肥料市場（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図21：ヨーロッパ：バイオ肥料の市場予測（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図22: その他：バイオ肥料市場（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図23: その他：バイオ肥料の市場予測（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図24：世界：窒素固定バイオ肥料市場：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図25：世界：窒素固定バイオ肥料市場予測：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図26：世界：リン酸固定バイオ肥料市場：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年および2024年
図27：世界：リン酸固定バイオ肥料市場予測：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図28：世界：その他のバイオ肥料市場その他のバイオ肥料市場：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年および2024年
図29：世界：その他のバイオ肥料市場予測その他のバイオ肥料市場の予測：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図30：世界：バイオ肥料市場（穀物・穀類）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図31：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（穀物・穀類）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図32：世界：バイオ肥料市場（豆類と油糧種子）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図33：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（豆類と油糧種子）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図34：世界：バイオ肥料市場（果物・野菜）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図35：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（果物・野菜）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図36：世界：バイオ肥料市場（その他の作物タイプ）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図37：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（その他の作物タイプ）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図38：世界：バイオ肥料市場（藍藻類）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図39：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（シアノバクター）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図40：世界：バイオ肥料市場（根粒菌）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図41：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（根粒菌）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図42：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測（根粒菌世界：バイオ肥料市場（リン酸可溶化菌）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図43：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（リン酸可溶化菌）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図44：世界：バイオ肥料市場（アゾトバクター）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図45：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（アゾトバクター）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図46：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測（アゾトバクター世界：バイオ肥料市場（その他の微生物）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図47：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（その他微生物）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図48：世界：バイオ肥料市場（種子処理）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図49：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（種子処理）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図50：世界のバイオ肥料市場（土壌処理）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図51：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（土壌処理）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図52：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測（土壌処理世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（その他の処理）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2019年・2024年
図53：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測（その他の処理）：金額推移（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年～2033年
図 54：バイオ肥料製造プラント：詳細なプロセスフロー
図55：バイオ肥料製造：原料転換率
図56：バイオ肥料製造プラント：工場レイアウト案
図57：バイオ肥料製造プラント：資本コストの内訳
図58：バイオ肥料産業：サプライチェーンの各段階における利益率
図59：バイオ肥料生産：製造コストの内訳（単位）
[表一覧］
表1：世界：バイオ肥料市場：主要産業ハイライト、2024年と2033年
表2：世界：バイオ肥料市場予測：地域別内訳（単位：百万米ドル）、2025年〜2033年
表3：世界：バイオ肥料の市場予測：タイプ別構成比（単位：百万米ドル）、2025-2033年
表4：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測：作物別内訳（単位：百万米ドル）、2025-2033年
表5：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測：微生物別構成比（単位：百万米ドル）、2025-2033年
表6：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測：バイオ肥料の世界市場予測：用途別構成比（単位：百万米ドル）、2025-2033年
表7：世界のバイオ肥料市場：競争構造
表8：バイオ肥料の世界市場：競争構造主要プレーヤー
表9：バイオ肥料製造プラント：土地と用地開発に関するコスト（単位：米ドル）
表10: バイオ肥料製造プラント：土木工事関連コスト（単位：米ドル）
表11: バイオ肥料製造プラント：機械関連コスト（単位：米ドル）
表12: バイオ肥料製造プラント：原材料所要量
表13: バイオ肥料製造プラント：給与・賃金関連コスト（単位：米ドル）
表14: バイオ肥料製造プラント：その他の設備投資に関するコスト（単位：米ドル）
表15：バイオ肥料製造工場：金融機関による資金援助の詳細
表16: バイオ肥料製造プラント：資本コスト（単位：米ドル）
表17：バイオ肥料製造プラント：資本コスト（単位：米ドル技術経済パラメーター
表18：バイオ肥料製造プラント：課税と減価償却費（単位：米ドル）
表 19: バイオ肥料製造プラント：収入予測（単位：米ドル）
表20: バイオ肥料製造プラント：支出予測（単位：米ドル）
表21: バイオ肥料製造プラント：法人税負担を考慮しないキャッシュフロー分析（単位：米ドル）
表22: バイオ肥料製造プラント：所得税負担を考慮したキャッシュフロー分析（単位：米ドル）
表23：バイオ肥料製造工場：損益勘定（単位：米ドル）
The global biofertilizer market size reached USD 3.4 Billion in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 8.8 Billion by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 10.62% during 2025-2033. The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices, the rising awareness about environmental concerns, government initiatives promoting organic farming, and the need to reduce chemical fertilizer usage are among the key factors propelling the market.
Biofertilizers are a sustainable solution for enhancing soil fertility and promoting plant growth while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers. Made from living organisms, biofertilizers work by colonizing the plant root zone and facilitating nutrient uptake. They consist of beneficial bacteria, fungi, or algae that fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and enhance nutrient availability through various mechanisms. These microorganisms establish a symbiotic relationship with plants, aiding in nutrient absorption and stimulating plant growth. Biofertilizers offer several advantages, such as improving soil structure, increasing nutrient efficiency, and reducing environmental pollution. They also contribute to the sustainability of agricultural practices and can be used in organic farming. Common product types include nitrogen-fixing rhizobium and azotobacter biofertilizer, phosphate-solubilizing biofertilizer, and mycorrhizal fungi like Glomus species.
The global biofertilizer market is being driven by the increasing demand for organic food products and sustainable agricultural practices. Moreover, the rising environmental concerns and the need to reduce chemical fertilizer usage are creating a positive outlook for the market. Besides this, government initiatives and subsidies to encourage organic farming and promote the use of biofertilizers are driving the market growth. Additionally, the growing awareness among farmers about the benefits of biofertilizers, such as improved soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and crop yield, is fueling the market growth. In line with this, the development of advanced microbial technologies for biofertilizer production and application is playing a significant role in market growth. Other factors, such as the emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change and the integration of biofertilizers with other agricultural practices, are boosting the market growth.
Biofertilizer Market Trends/Drivers:
Increasing demand for organic food products and sustainable agricultural practices
Consumers are becoming more conscious of the impact of conventional farming practices on their health and the environment. As a result, there is a growing preference for organic food products that are grown without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Biofertilizers, being organic in nature, are seen as a sustainable alternative that enhances soil fertility and crop yield while reducing the harmful effects of chemical inputs. This consumer demand for organic food is driving farmers to adopt biofertilizers, thereby boosting the market.
Rising environmental concerns and increasing demand for greener alternatives
Chemical fertilizers have been associated with negative environmental consequences such as water pollution, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. In response, governments and environmental agencies are encouraging the use of biofertilizers as a sustainable solution. Many countries have implemented regulations and policies to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers and promote the adoption of organic farming practices. This support from regulatory bodies, along with the increasing awareness of environmental issues, is driving the demand for biofertilizers and creating a favorable market environment.
Government initiatives and subsidies to encourage organic farming
Governments worldwide are recognizing the importance of sustainable agriculture and are actively supporting farmers in transitioning from conventional to organic farming practices. This support comes in the form of financial incentives, tax benefits, research and development grants, and subsidies for purchasing biofertilizers. Such initiatives not only reduce the financial burden on farmers but also create awareness about the benefits of biofertilizers and drive their adoption. The availability of such subsidies and incentives is fostering a favorable ecosystem for the growth of the biofertilizer market, facilitating its expansion on a global scale.
Biofertilizer Industry Segmentation:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the global biofertilizer market report, along with forecasts at the global and regional levels from 2025-2033. Our report has categorized the market based on type, crop, microorganism and mode of application.
Breakup by Type:
• Nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers
• Phosphate-fixing biofertilizers
• Others
Nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers dominate the market
The report has provided a detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the type. This includes nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers, phosphate-fixing biofertilizers, and others. According to the report, nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers represented the largest segment.
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and it is often a limiting factor in agricultural systems. Chemical fertilizers have traditionally been used to supply nitrogen to plants, but they are associated with environmental concerns such as groundwater pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers, on the other hand, offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. These biofertilizers contain beneficial bacteria, such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter, which can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized by plants. This process is known as biological nitrogen fixation.
The dominance of nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers in the market can be attributed to their several advantages, such as reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers, thereby minimizing the negative environmental impact associated with their production and usage. This aligns with the growing global concern for sustainable agricultural practices and the need to reduce chemical inputs. They also have the potential to improve soil fertility in the long run. By enhancing nitrogen availability, they contribute to increased plant growth and yield. Additionally, they can improve soil structure and microbial activity, leading to healthier and more resilient soils.
Furthermore, the use of nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers can have economic benefits for farmers. By reducing the need for chemical fertilizers, farmers can lower input costs, resulting in potentially higher profit margins. Additionally, nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers can be used in conjunction with other types of biofertilizers or organic practices, further enhancing their effectiveness and overall sustainability.
Breakup by Crop:
• Cereals and grains
• Pulses and oilseeds
• Fruits and vegetables
• Others
Cereals and grains hold the largest share in the market
A detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the crop has also been provided in the report. This includes cereals and grains, pulses and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, and others. According to the report, cereals and grains accounted for the largest market share.
Cereals and grains hold the largest share in the global biofertilizer market due to several key factors. Cereals and grains are staple crops worldwide and constitute a significant portion of the global agricultural production. These crops include wheat, rice, maize, and barley, among others, which are consumed by a large population as a primary source of nutrition. The high demand and extensive cultivation of cereals and grains create a substantial market opportunity for biofertilizers.
Moreover, biofertilizers are particularly well-suited for the cultivation of cereals and grains due to their ability to enhance soil fertility and promote nutrient uptake. Cereals and grains are nutrient-intensive crops, requiring a sufficient supply of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for optimal growth and yield. Biofertilizers, especially nitrogen-fixing bacteria, play a crucial role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be easily absorbed by plants. By providing a sustainable and eco-friendly source of nutrients, biofertilizers contribute to improved crop productivity and yield in the cultivation of cereals and grains.
Breakup by Microorganism:
• Cyanobacter
• Rhizobium
• Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria
• Azotobacter
• Others
Cyanobacter hold the largest share in the market
A detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the microorganism has also been provided in the report. This includes cyanobacter, rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, azotobacter, and others. According to the report, cyanobacter accounted for the largest market share.
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, have emerged as dominant players in the biofertilizer market due to several key factors. It possesses the unique ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a form that plants can readily utilize. This nitrogen-fixing capability reduces the reliance on chemical nitrogen fertilizers, which are not only costly but also contribute to environmental pollution through nitrate runoff and greenhouse gas emissions.
Moreover, cyanobacteria have the capacity to grow in diverse environments, including aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This adaptability allows them to thrive in different agricultural systems, making them suitable for a wide range of crops and soils. Another advantage of cyanobacteria is their ability to form symbiotic relationships with plants, particularly in the case of rice cultivation. Furthermore, it can produce a range of growth-promoting substances like phytohormones, vitamins, and enzymes, which aid in plant growth and development.
Breakup by Mode of Application:
• Seed treatment
• Soil treatment
• Others
Seed treatment hold the largest share in the market
A detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the mode of application has also been provided in the report. This includes seed treatment, soil treatment, and others. According to the report, seed treatment accounted for the largest market share.
Seed treatment holds the largest share in the global biofertilizer market due to several key factors. Seed treatment offers a convenient and efficient way to introduce biofertilizers into the agricultural system. By coating the seeds with biofertilizer formulations, farmers can ensure that the beneficial microbes or nutrients are directly applied to the seeds, enhancing germination, early growth, and overall plant health. This targeted approach allows for precise dosing and maximizes the effectiveness of biofertilizers, resulting in improved crop performance.
Additionally, it provides long-lasting effects throughout the plant's life cycle. Since the biofertilizers are applied at the early stages of seed germination and root development, they establish a symbiotic relationship with the plant, colonizing the root system and providing a continuous supply of nutrients or growth-promoting substances. This sustained interaction between the biofertilizer and the plant leads to improved nutrient uptake, enhanced disease resistance, and increased tolerance to environmental stress factors, ultimately boosting crop productivity.
Regional Insights:
• Asia Pacific
• North America
• Europe
• Others
North America exhibits a clear dominance, accounting for the largest biofertilizer market share
The report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of all the major regional markets, which include North America (the United States and Canada); Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, and others); Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, and others); Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and others); and the Middle East and Africa.
North America held the biggest market share due to the increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices in the region. There is a growing awareness among farmers about the detrimental effects of chemical fertilizers on soil health and the environment. As a result, they are turning towards biofertilizers as a greener alternative. Additionally, stringent regulations and government initiatives in the region are promoting the use of biofertilizers to reduce the environmental impact of farming, which is acting as a growth-inducing factor.
Furthermore, the strong emphasis on organic farming in North America has contributed to the growth of the biofertilizer market. With consumers becoming more conscious about food safety and quality, the demand for organically grown produce has surged. Biofertilizers play a crucial role in organic farming by enhancing soil fertility and improving nutrient uptake, leading to healthier crops. Moreover, the well-established agricultural infrastructure and advanced farming techniques in North America have facilitated the adoption of biofertilizers, which, in turn, is favoring the market growth.
Competitive Landscape:
The global biofertilizer market is characterized by intense competition among key players aiming to gain a larger market share. Companies are focusing on strategic initiatives, such as mergers and acquisitions, partnerships, and product innovation, to strengthen their market position. They are investing in research and development activities to develop advanced biofertilizer formulations with enhanced efficiency and effectiveness. They are also expanding their production capacities, improving distribution networks, and undertaking marketing campaigns to create awareness and increase product adoption.
The report has provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market. Detailed profiles of all major companies have also been provided. Some of the key players in the market include:
• Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd.
• Lallemand Inc.
• Madras Fertilizers Limited
• National Fertilizers Limited
• Novozymes A/S
• Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd.
• Rizobacter (Bioceres Crop Solutions)
• T.Stanes & Company Limited
Key Questions Answered in This Report
1.What was the size of the global biofertilizer market in 2024?
2.What is the expected growth rate of the global biofertilizer market during 2025-2033?
3.What are the key factors driving the global biofertilizer market?
4.What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the global biofertilizer market?
5.What is the breakup of the global biofertilizer market based on the type?
6.What is the breakup of global biofertilizer market based on the crop?
7.What is the breakup of the global biofertilizer market based on the microorganism?
8.What is the breakup of the global biofertilizer market based on the mode of application?
9.What are the key regions in the global biofertilizer market?
10.Who are the key companies/players in the global biofertilizer market?
